Protected Areas in the Philippines: Definition, Classifications, Prohibitions, Issues and Challenges

Republic Act No 7586 or the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 and Republic Act No 11038 or the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System (E-NIPAS) Act of 2018 define protected areas as “portions of land and water set aside by reason of their unique physical and biological significance, managed to enhance biological diversity and protected against destructive human exploitation”. (https://bmb.gov.ph/protected-area-development-and-management/philippine-protected-areas/). 

Setting up protected areas is a nature-based solution that helps maintain ecosystem integrity and reduce climate extreme impacts, “this initiative … can contribute to the climate resilience of the Philippines,” which is among the countries considered highly vulnerable to climate change, says Lourdes Tibig, climate science adviser at the nonprofit think tank Institute for Climate and Sustainable Cities. (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

As of 2022, the Philippines has 248 protected areas, including seven newly legislated ones, covering 7.8 million hectares (3.2 million acres), or about 15.4% of the country’s land area and 1.4% of its territorial waters. Though scientists have identified 228 key biodiversity areas in the Philippines, only 91 are currently part of the country’s network of protected areas. (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/)

The following are the categories of protected areas are hereby established pursuant to section 3 of Republic Act No 7586:

a.         Strict nature reserve - is an area possessing some outstanding ecosystem, features and/or species of flora and fauna of national scientific importance maintained to protect nature and maintain processes in an undisturbed state in order to have ecologically representative examples of the natural environment available for scientific study, environmental monitoring, education, and for the maintenance of genetic resources in a dynamic and evolutionary state;

b.         Natural park - is a relatively large area not materially altered by human activity where extractive resource uses are not allowed and maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational and recreational use;

c.         Natural monument - is a relatively small area focused on protection of small features to protect or preserve nationally significant natural features on account of their special interest or unique characteristics;

d.         Wildlife sanctuary -  comprises an area which assures the natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic communities or physical features of the environment where these may require specific human manipulations for their perpetuation.

e.         Protected landscapes and seascapes - are areas of national significance which are characterized by the harmonious interaction of man and land while providing opportunities for public enjoyment through the recreation and tourism within the normal lifestyle and economic activity of these areas;

f.          Resource reserve - is an extensive and relatively isolated and uninhabited area normally with difficult access designated as such to protect natural resources of the area for future use and prevent or contain development activities that could affect the resource pending the establishment of objectives which are based upon appropriate knowledge and planning;

g.         Natural biotic areas - is an area set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to modern technology at their pace;

h.         Other categories established by law, conventions or international agreements which the Philippine Government is a signatory.

Meanwhile, the following are the prohibited acts within the protected area pursuant to section 20 of Republic Act No. 7586 as amended:

"(a) Poaching, killing, destroying, disturbing of any wildlife including in private lands within the protected area;

 

"(b) Hunting, taking, collecting, or possessing of any wildlife, or by-products derived therefrom, including in private lands within the protected area without the necessary permit, authorization or exemption: Provided, That the PASU as authorization or exemption only for culling, scientific research , the exemptions provided under Section 27(a) of Republic Act No. 9147 (Wildlife Resources, Conservation and Protection Act) or harvests of nonprotected species in multiple-use zones by tenured migrants and IPs;

 

"(c) Cutting, gathering, removing or collecting timber within the protected area including provate lands therein, without the necessary permit, authorization, certification of planted trees or exemption such acts are done in accordance with the duly recognized practices of the IPs/ICCs for subsistence puposes;

 

"(d) Possessing or transporting outside the protected area any timber, forest products, wildlife, or by-products derived therefrom which are ascertained to have been taken from the protected area other that exotic species, the culling of which has been authorized under an appropriate permit;

 

"(e) Using any fishing or harvesting gear and practices or any of their variations that destroys coral reefs, seagrass beds or other marine life and their associated habitats or terrestrial habitat as may be determined by the DA or the DENR; Provided, That mere possession of such gears within the protected areas shall be prima facie evidence of their use;

 

"(f) Dumping, throwing, using, or causing to be dumped into or places in the protected area of any toxic chemical, noxious or poisonous substance or nonbiodegradable material, untreated sewage or animal waste or products whether in liquid, solid or gas state, including pesticides and other hazardous substances as defined under Republic Act No. 6969, otherwise known as the "Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990' detrimental to the protected area, or to the plants and animals or inhabitants therein;

 

"(g) Operating any motorized conveyance within the protected area without permit from the PAMB, except when the use of such motorized conveyance is the only practical means of transportation of IPs/ICCs in accessing their ancestral domain/land;

 

"(h) Altering, removing, destroying or defacing boundary marks or signs;

 

"(i) Engaging in 'kaingin' or, any manner, causing forest fires inside the protected area;

 

"(j) Mutilating, defacing, destroying, excavating, vandalizing or, in any manner damaging any natural formation, religious, spiritual, historical sites, artifacts and other objects of natural beauty, scenic value or objects of interest to IPs/ICCs;

 

"(k) Damaging and leaving roads and trails in damaged condition;

 

"(l) Littering or depositing refuse or debris on the ground or in bodies of water;

 

"(m) Possessing or using blasting caps or explosives anywhere within the protected area;

 

"(n) Occupying or dwelling in any public land within the protected area without clearance from the PAMB;

 

"(o) Constructing, erecting, or maintaining any kind of structure, fence or enclosure, conducting any business enterprise within the protected area without prior clearance from the PAMB and permit from the DENR, or conducting these activities in a manner that is inconsistent with the management plan duly approved by the PAMB;

 

"(p) Undertaking mineral exploration or extraction within the protected area;

 

"(q) Engaging in commercial or large-scale qaurrying within the protected area;

 

"(r) Establishing or introducing exotic species, including GMOs or invasive alien species within the protected area;

 

"(s) Conducting bioprospecting within the protected area without prior PAMB clearance in accordance with existing guidelines: Provided, That in addition to the penalty provided herein, any commercial use of any substance derived from nonpermitted bioprospecting within a protected area will not be allowed and all revenue earned from illegal commercialization thereof shall be forfeited and deposited as part of the I{AF;

 

"(t) Prospecting, hunting or otherwise locating hidden treasure within the protected area;

 

"(u) Purchasing or selling, mortgaging or leasing lands or other portions of the protected area which are covered by any tenurial instrument; and

 

"(v) Constructing any permanent structure within the forty (40)-meter easement from the high water mark of any natural body of water or issuing a permit for such construction pursuant to Article 51 of Presidential Decree No. 1067: Provided, That construction for common usage wharves and shoreline protection shall be permitted by the PAMB only after thorough EIA."

 

Issues and Challenges

 

Despite generally favoring the expansion of protected areas, experts caution about the potential pitfalls (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

“[There’s] danger that these PAs will not be managed well and will just be protected areas on paper because we currently don’t have enough human resources to manage existing PAs as it is,” Andrada says. “Management of new PAs can eat up a portion of the national budget that can be used for other purposes” (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

In its country statement for the 2022 Biodiversity Conference, the Philippine government said public expenditure for biodiversity is increasing, but identified a funding gap of at least 14 billion pesos ($250 million) annually, “particularly for protection and restoration” (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

“We expect this gap to remain deeply significant, if not larger than previously determined,” Yulo-Loyzaga said, calling for private sector investment interventions (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

For traditional communities heavily reliant on natural resources for survival, expansion of national parks may not be well received. “In our haste to establish new PAs, there is a danger that it may not be done properly and not take into account other perspectives,” Andrada says, such as having “less land or water that are available for food production” (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

These are among the concerns raised by Bukluran, a coalition of Indigenous peoples campaigning for government recognition and respect for their traditional governance over their ancestral domains and natural resources. The group is lobbying for the passage of the Indigenous Communities Conserved Territories and Areas (ICCAs) bill (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

The proposed law upholds sustainable traditional resources rights and recognizes ICCAs as a protected area category under Indigenous ownership, control and governance. Since 2011, 16 Philippine ICCAs covering a combined 349,423 hectares (863,442 acres) have been registered with the U.N. Environment Programme’s World Conservation Monitoring Centre, which maps ICCAs worldwide (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

In protecting the Philippines’ last remaining wild places within territories that are still occupied and stewarded by Indigenous peoples, one key challenge is reconciling NIPAS with the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act, ensuring that a rights-based approach is considered, said KM Reyes, co-founder of the Centre for Sustainability (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

“So incorporated in these should definitely be traditional knowledge and practices,” Reyes tells Mongabay in an instant message. “[Indigenous communities] need to be a key stakeholder and hopefully their governance systems are not displaced by any kind of government management systems thereafter” (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

Still not enough

 

Even the newly adopted Global Biodiversity Framework is “still inadequate” to reverse biodiversity decline, Tibig says. “Halting biodiversity loss will need more than just a 30×30 target,” she tells Mongabay in an email. (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/)

 

Besides expanding protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, governments must vigorously reduce or avoid carbon emissions to slow down climate change that has shifted species distribution, Tibig says. They should also tackle overexploitation and overconsumption, the compounding factors contributing to biodiversity collapse, she adds (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

Mallari says that beyond broadening the NIPAS coverage, he hopes to see further improvements in the management effectiveness of existing protected areas. “All of the protected areas have improved [from poor to fair from 2013 to 2017 as per our study] but they’re below the passing score,” he says. “Can the government achieve [its new targets] given that these [protected areas] were not faring very well?” (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/)

 

The government needs to resolve key issues, including politics that dictate the inappropriate design of protected areas, and low capacity of staff to maximize the use of available cutting-edge conservation technologies, Mallari says, adding that doing so is possible and the urgency justifies it (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

“The more we look at the vulnerability of biodiversity to the deleterious effects of climate change, or the many anthropogenic pressures, the more we see evidence that our vulnerability increases as species decline,” he says (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/).

 

 

References

 

Fabro, Keith Anthony S. For Philippines’ Unprotected Hotspots, New Conservation Window Beckons. 9 January 2023 accessed at https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/for-philippines-unprotected-hotspots-new-conservation-window-beckons/

Philippine Protected Areas. Biodiversity Management Bureau. Department of Environment and Natural Resources accessed at https://bmb.gov.ph/protected-area-development-and-management/philippine-protected-areas/ on January 3, 2024.

Republic Act No 7586 or the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 

Republic Act No 11038 or the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System (E-NIPAS) Act of 2018

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How We Prepared the CLUP of Lavezares

After more than three years, the municipality of Lavezares, Northern Samar finally has its new and enhanced-Comprehensive Land Use Plan for 2022-2031. It was long and tedious but it was worth it because enshrined in the CLUP is the blueprint for development of the municipality for the next ten years. Imagine a ship without a compass and a local government unit without a CLUP.

According to the CLUP’s Guidebook Volume I (HLURB, 2013), “the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) shall determine the specific uses of land and other physical and natural resources, both private and public, within their territorial jurisdiction including areas co-managed with the national government and, as appropriate, management plans for ancestral domains, critical watersheds, river basins, and protected areas. The CLUP shall delineate actual boundaries on the ground within the territorial jurisdiction, embody the desired land use patterns of the barangay, city or municipality, translate and integrate sectoral plans, and provide appropriate policies for each of the four land use planning categories.”

Guided by the HLURB’s Guidebooks, we were able to navigate all the CLUP’s parts because of the LGU’s support especially on the financial and human resource aspects and the participation of all the stakeholders.

While observing the 12-step process, the entire tasks became even more workable because we have laid down the necessary materials and manpower from start to end.

Based on my experience, I consider the following as crucial in crafting the CLUP:

1.  Have an updated Ecological Profile. CLUP is an evidence-based plan. All throughout the process, a comprehensive and reliable dataset are needed. This is usually the stumbling block of most local planners. Data gathering is what usually drags the CLUP process for years and even to no end.

2.  Aside from the Planning Team, there should be a core technical working group doing the ground work. While I facilitate and supervise the entire process and write the technical document, I have in my team two GIS experts; one of which is an engineer who was also tasked on working on the zone maps and boundaries. I also have two technical staff who worked on the Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA).

3.  The planning team and technical people should attend all trainings being conducted by the Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development (DHSUD) (then HLURB). It is good that for a number of years, HLURB then had conducted series of modular training-workshops; all of which we were able to attend. In regard to CDRA, we have invited a CDRA trainer from the DILG Provincial Office.

4.     Secure the cooperation of the punong barangays. We have, by the way, conducted several planning workshops with the barangays as well as focus group discussions. We surveyed each of the barangay when we were formulating the proposed land use classifications. Engaging them in the planning process makes the CLUP grounded and reflective of present realities.

5.     Never stop working until it is done. The real work for our CLUP started in March 2019 and had it submitted to the DHSUD Regional Office in November 2022 and have it approved by the Provincial Land Use Committee (PLUC) in January 2023 which made it 35 months in the making and that included the CDRA survey and report. In May 2023, the local sanggunian approved the CLUP and the Zoning Ordinance. And finally, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan approved it on July 2023. Had it not been to the pandemic, we could have finished earlier.

6.     Always seek the assistance of the DHSUD and the secretariat of the PLUC.

Once the CLUP and the Zoning Ordinance are already approved, it really is a wonderful feeling and a great relief knowing that the LGU now has clear direction, at least, on paper. Implementing the plan and the policy is another thing.

 

Getting A New Sablay: Because the Public Deserves the Best

 

 

Last December 16, 2023, I donned my second sablay at UP Open University in Los Baños, Laguna. The first was four years ago for my Diploma in Land Use Planning. This time, for my master’s degree in Public Management to which I majored in Local Government and Regional Administration (LGRA).

 

Some have asked me what would now be my next plan. My reply was, I do not know yet, because when I enrolled in both courses I was not thinking of the future rather I was preoccupied with my self-imposed belief that my previous and today’s positions should be matched with a good academic background because such would help me give the best service to the people, the brand of service that they rightfully deserve. And which university can provide me such good academic background other than can be provided by the best university in the country and one of the “bests” in the world, the University of the Philippines.

 

Thankfully, there is the UP Open University that made UP education readily accessible to someone like me who lives and work in the province and definitely cannot make it to a UP physical campus. Thanks, too, to the professors from the UP System who generously shared their time and brilliance to us learners. Gratitude as well to modern communications technology that bridged the distance.

 

In 2017, right after passing the board exam for environmental planner which made me qualified to occupy planning and development position on an assistant or department head level in the local government unit, I felt I am still inadequate, knowledge and technical-wise. By the way, I was only qualified to take the planner’s board because I was an incumbent planning officer in our LGU by virtue of the five-year grace period that was guaranteed by RA10587 or the Environmental Planning Act of 2013; which means after 2019, all applicants for the board exam should be a graduate of environment planning or urban planning or related courses. The classes for the Diploma in Land Use Planning were delivered fully online for the first to three semesters and for the last semester a practicum is required where students have to physically meet together with the professor to conduct actual planning workshop. The coursework was a huge challenge for a learner like me who have been away from school for fifteen years. Self-doubt as in questioning my ability consumed me but have considered it to be useful as it flexed my self-discipline and perseverance. In 2019, I finished the course, wore the sablay, and smiled with a dream fulfilled.

 

By 2020, the position of secretary top the Sangguniang Bayan is about to be vacated as the incumbent is about to retire in a year. That presented a golden opportunity for me to elevate my present status of an assistant planning officer to a department head position. Fortunately, I was vouched by the mayor as well as by Sangguniang Bayan members and eventually hired by the vice-mayor; the latter being the appointing authority. Being the secretary of the sanggunian as my colleagues know is more than just preparing the agenda and the minutes of the sessions and meetings, it is also having the responsibility of making sure that all ordinances and resolutions being deliberated and enacted are well-researched and properly formulated. At times, a secretary has to initiate the passage of some ordinances and resolutions one deems useful and necessary for the municipality.

 

Again, with my personal belief that a position in the government should be coupled with necessary and relevant academic degree, one that is above the required minimum, I enrolled in Master of Public Management program, where else, but in the UP Open University. After three years of coursework and passing the comprehensive exam, I got my second sablay.

 

Looking back some 23 years ago, what I only desire is to graduate in college and land a job in the government. I have no idea yet as to which agency or department and what specific task I would be doing. As time went by, surprising opportunities and challenges took their turns. 

Going back to the question as to what I will be doing now with my new degree and all that came before it, again, I do not have a definite answer yet. What matters now is I can assure the public that I am now prepared more than ever to serve them.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Human Settlements in the Barangays: What to Consider

                                   Source: https://guidetothephilippines.ph/articles/history-culture/best-philippines-small-towns-villages-cities

The Barangay, as the basic political unit, serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities in the community and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may be expressed, crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be amicably settled (section 384, RA7160). As enumerated under section 17 (b) of RA 7160, the barangays are expected to deliver the following basic services and facilities:

·        Agricultural support services which include planting materials distribution system and operation of farm produce collection and buying stations;

·        Health and social welfare services which include maintenance of Barangay health center and day-care center;

·        Services and facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation, beautification, and solid waste collection;

·        Maintenance of Katarungang Pambarangay; (structure such as barangay hall is necessary)

·        Maintenance of Barangay roads and bridges and water supply systems;

·        Infrastructure facilities such as multi-purpose hall, multipurpose pavement, plaza, sports center, and other similar facilities;

·        Information and reading center; and

·        Satellite or public market, where viable.

Being at the forefront of local development and community resiliency, the barangay development councils are expected to ensure that government services reach the community especially the community’s basic needs as enumerated in in Batas Pambansa Blg. 220 which include, Water Supply; Roads and Streets; Drainage System; Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal; Parks and Playgrounds, and; Power Supply. Fundings for these services may be accessed by the barangays from higher local government units like their respective cities and municipalities and provinces as well as concerned national government agencies and even from the private sector.

The following are some basic requirements that the barangays have to consider as they establish these basic services:

1. Water Supply

·        Public water supply system should be made available, (Level 1 and Level 2 Water System). One communal faucet should serve 10 households.

·        Communal well can be located strategically not closer than 300 meters from each other.

·        Alternative water supply may be availed, e.g., rain water collector and other devices with water impounding capacity.

·        PD. 1067 also known as the Water Code of the Philippines emphasizes that the following belong to the state (Article 5) (a) Rivers and their natural beds; (b) Continuous or intermittent waters of springs and brooks running in their natural beds and the beds themselves; (c) Natural lakes and lagoons; (d) Seawater; (e) All other categories of surface waters such as water flowing over lands, water from rainfall whether natural, or artificial, and water from  agriculture runoff, seepage and drainage; (f) Atmospheric water, and; (g) Subterranean or ground waters. It also emphasized under Article 6 that the following waters found on private lands belong to the State: (a) Continuous or intermittent waters rising on such lands; (b) Lakes and lagoons naturally occurring on such lands; (c) Rain water falling on such lands; (d) Subterranean or ground waters; and, (e) Water in swamps and marshes.

·        The law also underscored that the owner of the land where the water is found may use the same for domestic purposes without securing a permit, provided that such use shall be REGISTERED, when required by the Council. The Council, however, may regulate such when there is wastage, or in times of emergency.

·        Under Article 51 of the same law states that “the banks of rivers and streams and the shores of the seas and lakes throughout their entire length and within a zone of:

3 meters in urban areas;

20 meters in agricultural areas, and

40 meters in forest areas, along their margins are subject to the easement of public use in the interest of recreation, navigation, floatage, fishing and salvage. No person shall be allowed to stay in this zone longer than what is necessary for recreation, navigation, floatage, fishing or salvage or to build structures of any kind.”

 

2. The following are planning standards for roads and bridges and planting strips:

A. Roads and Streets

·        National Road             = 30 meters

·        Provincial Road          = 15-20 meters

·        Municipal Road           = 10 meters

·        Barangay Road           = 7 meters      

·        Alley and Pathwalk     = 3 meters (60 m. max. length)

B. Planting Strips

·     Municipal Road  = 0.8 meters

·     Barangay Road = 0.4 meters

·     Roads should intersect at right angles as much as practicable.

·     Multiple intersection along major roads shall be minimized.

·     Distance between offset intersections should not be less than 20 meters.

·     Maximum block length is 400 meters. Block length exceeding 250 meters shall be provided with alley approximately at mid-length.

3. Drainage System

·        The drainage system shall be concrete lined canal with load bearing cover.

·        Drainage system shall drain into appropriate catchment area, water bodies or natural outfalls.

·        If applicable, underground drainage system shall be provided with adequate reinforced concrete pipes (RCP), catch basins, manholes/inlets and cross drains for efficient maintenance.

4. Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal

·        Garbage disposal system shall be in accordance with R.A. 9003.

·        The sewage disposal system shall be communal or individual septic tank conforming to the design standard of the Sanitation Code of the Philippines.

·        Whenever applicable, sewage disposal connections shall be to an approved public or community sewer system.

·        Section 10 of RA 9003 also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 provides that “the LGUs shall be primarily responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this Act within their respective jurisdictions. Segregation and collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay level specifically for biodegradable, compostable and reusable wastes: Provided, That the collection of non-recyclable materials and special wastes shall be the responsibility of the municipality or city.”

·        Also, under Section 32 of the same law provides that “there shall be established a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangays. The facility shall be established in a barangay-owned or -leased land or any suitable open space to be determined by the barangay through its Sanggunian. For this purpose, the barangay or cluster of barangays shall allocate a certain parcel of land for the MRF. The determination of site and actual establishment of the facility shall likewise be subject to the guidelines and criteria set pursuant to this Act. The MRF shall receive mixed waste for final sorting, segregation, composting, and recycling. The resulting residual wastes shall be transferred to a long-term storage or disposal facility or sanitary landfill.

·        SEC. 13 of PD 856 also known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines emphasized that “to protect drinking water from contamination, the following measures shall be observed:

(a) Washing clothes or bathing within a radius of 25 meters from any well or other source of drinking water is prohibited.

(b) No artesian, deep or shallow well shall be constructed within 25 meters from any source of pollution.

(c) No radioactive sources or materials shall be stored within a radius of 25 meters from any well or source of drinking water unless the radioactive source is adequately and safely enclosed by proper shielding.

SEC. 90 also of PD 856 also known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines provides that the following requirements shall be applied and enforced:

(a) It shall be unlawful for any person to bury remains in places other than those legally authorized in conformity with the provisions of this Chapter.

(b) A burial ground shall at least be 25 meters distant from any dwelling house and no house shall be constructed within the same distance from any burial ground.

(c) No burial ground shall be located within 50 meters from either side of a river or within 50 meters from any source of water supply.

5. Power Supply

·        The barangay should be connected to reliable power source e.g., local electric cooperative, local electric franchise holder or the local utility company.

·        Provision of street lighting per pole shall be mandatory if poles are 50 meter apart, and at every other pole if the distance is less than 50 meters.

·        The barangay should be connected to reliable power source e.g., local electric cooperative, local electric franchise holder or the local utility company.

·        Provision of street lighting per pole shall be mandatory if poles are 50 meter apart, and at every other pole if the distance is less than 50 meters.

 

Museums: Repositories of Nation's Identity

                 Photo: https://www.spot.ph/arts-culture/the-latest-arts-culture/89304/new-visiting-hours-at-the-national-museum-of-the-philippines-a833-20220518

Museums play a vital role in preserving and promoting a country's rich cultural heritage. In the case of the Philippines, a country known for its diverse history and vibrant arts, museums have become essential institutions in the preservation and showcasing of Filipino identity. In this essay, we will explore the history and evolution of museums in the Philippines, discuss their importance, and provide a comprehensive list of notable museums in the country.

 

The history of museums in the Philippines dates back to the Spanish colonial era. During this time, the Spanish authorities established museums primarily to display religious artworks and artifacts. The oldest museum in the Philippines, the San Agustin Museum, was founded in 1957 and is located within the San Agustin Church in Manila. It houses religious artworks, antique ecclesiastical items, and artifacts that represent the country's religious traditions.

 

The evolution of museums in the Philippines took a tremendous leap forward during the American colonial period in the early 20th century. American influences led to the establishment of more systematic and modern museum practices. The American colonial government initiated the creation of the National Museum of the Philippines in 1901. This institution focused on collecting, curating, and studying the country's natural history and cultural heritage.

 

Throughout the years, museums in the Philippines have diversified their collections to cater to different aspects of Filipino society. Apart from the National Museum, several other institutions have emerged to specialize in various fields, such as art, history, and science. This evolution reflects the growing importance of museums as educational and cultural centers in the Philippines.

 

The importance of museums in the Philippines cannot be overstated. Museums serve as repositories of the nation's identity and memory, preserving artifacts and artworks that depict the rich history of the country. They also promote cultural appreciation and understanding among locals and tourists alike. Museums often conduct educational programs, workshops, and guided tours that allow visitors to learn about the country's heritage, traditions, and values.

 

Moreover, by showcasing Filipino arts, history, and sciences, museums contribute to the promotion and preservation of local arts and culture. They provide a platform for Filipino artists, researchers, and scientists to showcase their work, fostering creativity and innovation within the country's artistic and academic spheres. Museums also contribute to the tourism industry, attracting both domestic and international visitors who seek to understand and experience the unique aspects of Filipino culture.

 

Now, let us delve into a comprehensive list of notable museums in the Philippines, representing various fields and interests:

 

National Museum of the Philippines - Manila

Ayala Museum - Makati City

Mind Museum - Taguig City

Lopez Museum and Library - Pasig City

Bahay Tsinoy - Manila

Vigan Conservation Complex - Vigan City

Museum of Philippine Economic History - Iloilo City

Cordillera Museum - Baguio City

Rizal Shrine - Calamba City

Casa Gorordo Museum - Cebu City

HISTORY MUSEUMS (From the List of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines)

Metro Manila Cluster

1. Museo ni Jose Rizal Fort Santiago, Intramuros, Manila

2. Museo ng Katipunan, San Juan City

3. Museo El Deposito, San Juan City

4. Muso ni Apolinario Mabini - PUP, Sta. Mesa, Manila

5. Museo ni Manuel Quezon, Quezon Memorial Circle, Quezon City

6. Museo ng Pampangulong Sasakyan, Quezon Memorial Circle, Quezon City

Cavite Cluster

1. Museo ni Emilio Aguinaldo, Kawit, Cavite

2. Museo ni Baldomero Aguinaldo, Kawit, Cavite

3. Museo ng Pinaglitisan ni Bonifacio, Maragondon, Cavite

Batangas-Laguna Cluster

1. Museo ni Jose Rizal, Calamba City, Laguna

2. Museo ng Libingan sa Ilalim ng Lupa ng Nagcarlan, Laguna

3. Museo ni Apolinario Mabini, Tanauan City, Batangas

4. Museo ni Miguel Malvar, Sto. Tomas City, Batangas

5. Museo nina Marcela Mariño at Felipe Agoncillo, Taal, Batangas

6. Museo nina Leon at Galicano Apacible, Taal, Batangas

Bulacan Cluster

1. Museo ng Republika ng 1899, Malolos City, Bulacan

2. Museo ng Kasaysayang Pampulitika ng Pilipinas, Malolos City, Bulacan

3. Museo ni Marecelo H. Del Pilar, Bulacan, Bulacan

4. Museo ni Mariano Ponce, Baliwag City, Bulacan

Pampanga - Zambales Cluster

1. Museo ng Kasaysayang Panlipunan ng Pilipinas, Angeles City, Pampanga

2. Museo at Aklatan ni Diosdado Macapagal, Lubao, Pampanga

3. Museo ni Jose B. Lingad, Lubao, Pampanga

4. Museo ni Ramon Magsaysay, Castillejos, Zambales

Interregional Cluster

1. Museo nina Juan at Antonio Luna, Badoc, Ilocos Norte

2. Museo ni Jesse Robredo, Naga City, Camarines Sur

3. Museo ng Kasaysayang Pang-Ekonomiya ng Pilipinas, Iloilo City

4. Museum of Philippine Maritime History, Iloilo City

5. Museo ng Pamana at Kasaysayang Boholano, Loay, Bohol

6. Museo ni Jose Rizal, Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte

This list is only scratching the surface of the numerous museums found across the Philippines. Each institution offers its own unique collections and narratives that contribute to the preservation and celebration of Filipino heritage.

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