MODELS
OF THE PLANNING PROCESS
1. The Foundational Model
As the name suggests, the Foundational
Model focuses first on laying the foundations for
development planning and on developing
an appropriate planning infrastructure, before addressing full-scale development
planning per se. It is based on the premise that development planning operates
more effectively when the fundamental purpose and values have been
clarified so that they can serve as a frame of reference, and when the
necessary enabling structures are in place.
2. The Early Action Planning Model
The Early Action Planning Model
focuses first on the rapid identification of a small number of immediate priorities and the
initiation of action planning to address them. It is based on the premise that
the best way of promoting the acceptance and embedding of Development
Planning is to ensure plenty of early action and achievement as positive
reinforcement for the participants in the process. The early experience of
success offers confirmation of the benefits of development planning.
Thus, it serves to counteract any tendency to complain that .We talk and talk,
but nothing ever happens and nothing ever changes.. It strengthens commitment
to the process and provides an incentive for involvement in more complex
planning procedures.
The model could comprise the following
phases of activity:
♦ Early
Action Planning
♦ Reflection
♦ Elaborated
Planning
3. The Three-Strand Concurrent Model
The Three-Strand Concurrent Model
focuses on the issue of the planning time frame. It recognizes that development has a long-term, a medium-term and a short-term dimension. It is
based on the premise that these three time dimensions must be addressed
concurrently if they are to respond effectively to the needs of a
dynamic environment. It proposes a framework of three interlinked but distinct
strands of planning activity that enables schools to cope with the complexity and
unpredictability of change.
The model comprises the following
strands:
I. Futures Thinking to
address the long-term dimension of school planning (5-15 years)
II. Strategic Intent and Strategic Planning to address the medium-term dimension
(3-5 years)
III. Operational Planning to address the short-term dimension (1-3 years)
IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING
- It
leads to the interchange of information, ideas and support among the public,
politicians and planners at all stages of the planning process, in order that a
project may reflect public opinions and concerns
- Information
is supplied to the planners by the public regarding community goals, attitudes,
values, preferences and priorities; in return the planners provide the
public with greater knowledge and understanding of their
environment and familiarize them with the technical planning and
decision-making processes.
BARRIERS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING
- increased difficulty for citizens to
communicate and to organize themselves
- issues tend to be much complicated and
technical in nature
- refusal of authorities to give up or share any
of their decisions making power
- resistance to sharing all the information and
data concerning the issue at hand
(Citizens participation is more a political
problem than a mechanical one)
Hulchanski, John David. 1974. Citizen participation in planning: a
look at the Metropolitan transportation
plan. Retrieved from http://www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca/pdfs/researchassociates/Hulchanski_Cit-Particin-
Pl.pdf
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