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Saturday, November 4, 2017

Hierarchy and Linkage of Plans

MAJOR TYPES OF PLAN

Based on the illustration, there are two major types of plans. These include the following:

1. Physical Framework and Comprehensive Land Use Plans

This is a long term Framework Plan, the purpose of which is to manage territory based on the four policy areas which include: Protection, Production, Settlement, and Infrastructure. At the national level, we have the National Physical Framework; at the regional level, the Regional Physical Framework Plan; at Provincial Level, the Provincial Physical Framework Plan, and; at the city/municipal level, the city/municipal Comprehensive Land Use. These plans are interlinked both through top-down and bottom-up manner.

2. Socio-Economic Development Plan

This type of plan is a multi-year multi-sectoral development plan that encompasses the following sectors: Social, Economic, Infrastructures, Environmental, and Institutional. Its main purpose is to promote the general welfare. At the national level, we have the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan; at the regional level, the Regional Development Plan; at the provincial level the Provincial Development Plan and at city/municipal level, the city/municipal Comprehensive Development Plan. These plans are interlinked also on a top-down and bottom-up manner.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANS PER PLANNING AREA

National Level

1. National Physical Framework Plan

“The NPFP was formulated as an integrated national land use policy agenda that would guide the allocation, utilization, development and management of the country's physical resources. It was approved in 1992 and had a planning horizon of 1993-2022. In 1997, however, it was replaced by the National Framework for Physical Planning 2001-2030, with a vision of national development anchored on sustainable development and growth with social equity. Again, the key word in all these plans is “physical” as against “economic”; with physical planning having a longer planning horizon (30-50 years) than the usual 5 years for economic plans.”

“The other key term is “framework,” which suggest a generalized concept rather than a detailed blueprint for development. It is a physical plan upon which the shorter (and more detailed) “medium-term” socio-economic plans are based. The “physical framework” also suggests connectivity, and that's why systems of urban settlements and transportation networks are more often than not included here rather than in the economic plans. Rightly so because the development of transport networks and other infrastructure also requires longer periods not available in medium-term plans (Villarete 2014).”

“The NFPP lays out policies and initiatives related to the distribution, utilization, management, and development of land and material resources. The ultimate purpose of the plan is to raise land productivity, protect and ensure the sustainability of resources, facilitate the coherent development of housing, and build an infrastructure that helps promote or assist in development. Similar to NPFP, NFPP was established through the office of NEDA by NLUC (National Land Use Committees), which consists of related ministries and is in close connection with NEDA. Today NLUC is positioned as one of the subordinate committee of NEDA committee (its position was changed by Executive Order No.770 in 2008.)”

“There was a reason behind the name change from NPFP to NFPP. The previous plan restricted the actions of the lower-tiered administrative authorities. The new framework, in contrast, is designed to relieve such restrictions and give local authorities more say in policy decisions (i.e. consistent with local autonomy policy enshrined in the constitution).”

“Although there are reports that the current NFPP is planned for review just 15-years after its beginning year, as of this writing (2016) the current NFPP 2001-2030 is still the current national physical framework plan espoused by the Philippine national government.”

- An Overview of Spatial of Spatial Policy of Asian and European Countries retrieved at https://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/general/philippines/index_e.html. Accessed on October 19, 2017

a. Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP)

“A Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) remains in force for six years, corresponding to the term of office of the country's president (however, the recent plan is a five-year plan, “Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016”, starting from the second year of the presidency). It is a national program that outlines the policies the president wishes to institute during his or her term. MTPDPs corresponding to presidential terms came into being in 1986; replacing the four-year and five-year plans that had continued since the 1970s. The next MTPDP is expected after the presidential elections scheduled in the month of May in 2016.”

“MTPDPs lay out major policy initiatives, socioeconomic strategies, and major national programs. Regional development plans, meanwhile, stipulate strategies, programs and projects that facilitate the goals of the national plans.”

“The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), charged with drafting the MTPDPs, coordinates with related agencies in formulating the plan. The final product is subject to the approval by a NEDA committee made up of government cabinet members (the “Cabinet Committee”) and chaired by the president.”

“The NEDA's drafts for the national development plan and its policies serve as the basis for drafting, reviewing, and deliberating the regional development plans.”

2. Regional Level

a. Regional Physical Framework Plan

“In a development that paralleled the creation of the NFPP, at the regional level, Regional Physical Framework Plans (RPFPs) came to be drafted. Just as with the NFPP, the RPFPs presented local authorities with choices and directions for policy. The national and regional NEDA offices direct the creation of RPFPs (except for NCR and ARMM), while each RPFP is approved by the concerned Regional Development Council (this also excludes NCR and ARMM, and also CAR). Except for two regions (NCR and CAR), target year of current RPFPs of all the regions including ARMM is 2030.”

a. Regional Development Plan

“Regional development plans, meanwhile, stipulate strategies, programs and projects that facilitate the goals of the national plans.”

“Regional Development Council (RDC) organized in each region is the counterpart of the NEDA regional office established in each region (except for NCR, as well as ARMM) in deciding how plans should be implemented at the regional and local levels. Each RDC is made up of regional/local representatives, representatives from government arms in the region, and members of the private sector.”

3. Provincial

a. Provincial Physical Framework Plan

The PPDFP is the plan that manages the territories of the province consistent with the National Physical Framework Plan and the Regional Physical Framework Plan and reflective of the CLUPs of its covered cities and municipalities.

b. Provincial Development Plan

The Provincial Development Plan is the plan that promotes general welfare of the inhabitants in the province consistent with the Philippine Development Plan and the Regional Development Plan as well as its PPDFP and reflective of the CDPs of its covered cities and municipalities.

4. Municipal/City

a. Comprehensive Land Use Plan

“The CLUP is the plan for the management of local territories. Planning as

management of local territories is a function of the LGU pursuant to its status as

a political unit. Hence, the body principally responsible for the CLUP is no less

than the highest policy-making body, the legislative council or Sanggunian.

In a word, the CLUP is the long-term guide for the physical development of the

local area, the framework for the management and co-management of the local

territory. At the city and municipal levels, the CLUP serves more than a

framework plan. It is at this level where the CLUP is enacted into a zoning

ordinance(RA 7160, Sec. 20c) hence, it becomes a statutory plan whose

provisions are not merely indicative but are legally enforceable.”

- Rationalizing the Planning System, First Edition, DILG, 2008 p. 6

b. CDP

The CDP is the plan with which the LGU promotes the general welfare of its inhabitants in its capacity as a corporate body. The responsibility for the CDP is given to the LDC (RA 7160, Sec. 106 and 109). It must cover all the development sectors to be comprehensive. (See Chapter 2 below.) Its time frame may by multi-year but a short-term slice must be taken off which is coterminous with the term of the elective local officials so that it can serve as an input to their executive-legislative agenda (ELA).

The CDP consolidates the programs and projects necessary to carry out the

objectives of the different development sectors. Some of these programs and projects are incorporated in the local development investment program (LDIP) and are implemented through the annual investment program (AIP) and the annual budget. Other programs may be picked up by the national government and still others by the private sector for implementation.

- Rationalizing the Planning System, First Edition, DILG, 2008 p. 6-7

Regarding the hierarchy and Linkage of Plan, the CLUP Guidebook Volume 1, 2013, has the best explanation for this, as follows:

Hierarchy and Linkage of Plans

One of the critical elements of a successful land use policy will be to establish the primacy of the National Physical Framework Plan (NPFP) over all other types of plans being made for the country, including the Philippine Medium-Term Development Plan.

The national land use policy and physical planning process shall be formulated following a combined bottom-up and top-down approach. The NPFP, guides the planning and management of the country’s land and other physical resources at the national and sub-national levels It indicates broad spatial directions and development guidelines on the four major land use policy areas, namely, settlements development, production land use, protection land use, and infrastructure development.

The National Physical Framework Plan should be the reference point by which subsequent national and local sectoral or development plans are directly linked and aligned. In this way, all plans and programs prepared by national and local government agencies should be seen as contributing and supportive of the physical development objectives and goals of the adopted national, regional, and local physical plans.

The Regional Physical Framework Plans (RPFPs), Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plans (PDPFPs), and Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs), shall cover the physical development of their respective territories, and shall be consistent with the National Physical Framework Plan. The integration and harmonization of the physical framework plans at all levels shall be iterative to ensure that the concerns of both top and bottom levels of government are considered. The physical and land use plans prepared at all levels shall have internal consistency specifically on, but not limited to, the development, management and conservation of critical watersheds and forest re-serves, key biodiversity areas and national parks, protected areas, coastal and inland waters, cultural and heritage sites and ancestral lands found within a given territory. These plans shall likewise be consistent and linked with the identified policy guidelines and options of the four major land use policy areas to ensure their complementation in the protection, conservation, development and management of these resources.

The PPFP shall determine the physical development of the entire provincial territory, consolidate and harmonize the comprehensive land use plans of component cities and municipalities. It shall reflect the indica-tive land use management and physical development direction of the province consistent with the RPFP.

The PPFP shall serve as basis for other sectoral and development plans related to land, natural resources, and infrastructure facilities, including the development plan of the province. It shall serve as the basis for the preparation of the Provincial Development Plan (PDP) and Provincial Development Investment Program (PDIP). The PPFP, PDP, PDIP and/or Provincial Physical Development and Framework Plan (PDPFP) shall serve as the basis for the formulation of sectoral action plans of national government agencies in the province and all LGUs within its jurisdiction.

The Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) shall determine the specific uses of land and other physical and natural resources, both private and public, within their territorial jurisdiction including areas co-managed with the national government and, as appropriate, management plans for ancestral domains, critical watersheds, river basins, and protected areas. The CLUP shall delineate actual boundaries on the ground within the territorial jurisdiction, embody the desired land use patterns of the barangay, city or municipality, translate and integrate sectoral plans, and provide appropriate policies for each of the four land use planning categories. The spatial directions prescribed in the CLUP shall serve as the basis for the preparation and formulation of the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) and Local Development Investment Programs (LDIP) of the LGUs.

At the local level, barangay development and physical plans shall serve as the foundation in the preparation and formulation of an LGU’s CLUP. This shall ensure not only the bottom-up and participatory aspect of the land use policy but more importantly integrating local and community land use priorities with the national and regional priorities.

- CLUP Guidebook Vol. 1, The Planning Process, 2013, p.18-19

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Nature of Planning Process

MODELS OF THE PLANNING PROCESS

1. The Foundational Model

As the name suggests, the Foundational Model focuses first on laying the foundations for

development planning and on developing an appropriate planning infrastructure, before addressing full-scale development planning per se. It is based on the premise that development planning operates more effectively when the fundamental purpose and values have been clarified so that they can serve as a frame of reference, and when the necessary enabling structures are in place.

2. The Early Action Planning Model

The Early Action Planning Model focuses first on the rapid identification of a small number of immediate priorities and the initiation of action planning to address them. It is based on the premise that the best way of promoting the acceptance and embedding of Development Planning is to ensure plenty of early action and achievement as positive reinforcement for the participants in the process. The early experience of success offers confirmation of the benefits of development planning. Thus, it serves to counteract any tendency to complain that .We talk and talk, but nothing ever happens and nothing ever changes.. It strengthens commitment to the process and provides an incentive for involvement in more complex planning procedures.

The model could comprise the following phases of activity:

♦ Early Action Planning

♦ Reflection

♦ Elaborated Planning

3. The Three-Strand Concurrent Model

The Three-Strand Concurrent Model focuses on the issue of the planning time frame. It recognizes that development has a long-term, a medium-term and a short-term dimension. It is based on the premise that these three time dimensions must be addressed concurrently if they are to respond effectively to the needs of a dynamic environment. It proposes a framework of three interlinked but distinct strands of planning activity that enables schools to cope with the complexity and unpredictability of change.

The model comprises the following strands:

I. Futures Thinking to address the long-term dimension of school planning (5-15 years)

II. Strategic Intent and Strategic Planning to address the medium-term dimension

(3-5 years)

III. Operational Planning to address the short-term dimension (1-3 years)

Models of school development planning. Retrieved from http://www.sdpi.ie/guidelines/PDF/Unit02.pdf

IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING

- It leads to the interchange of information, ideas and support among the public, politicians and planners at all stages of the planning process, in order that a project may reflect public opinions and concerns

- Information is supplied to the planners by the public regarding community goals, attitudes, values, preferences and priorities; in return the planners provide the public with greater knowledge and understanding of their environment and familiarize them with the technical planning and decision-making processes.

BARRIERS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING

- increased difficulty for citizens to communicate and to organize themselves

- issues tend to be much complicated and technical in nature

- refusal of authorities to give up or share any of their decisions making power

- resistance to sharing all the information and data concerning the issue at hand

(Citizens participation is more a political problem than a mechanical one)

Hulchanski, John David. 1974. Citizen participation in planning: a look at the Metropolitan transportation

plan. Retrieved from http://www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca/pdfs/researchassociates/Hulchanski_Cit-Particin-

Pl.pdf

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Regional Planning

It concerns planning for a sub-national territory with known scale (size) and extent (scope), normally a contiguous area whose parts have common or complementary characteristics and are linked by intensive interaction or flows. The whole region is set apart from neighboring territories by its distinctive economic and social characteristics, continuities and discontinuities, opportunities and problems, even though it may not have defined local authority structures and clear administrative boundaries.

It is intermediate between national and urban levels and straddles the gap between national and grassroots levels.

Region is always extended urban space – it has urban as well as rural components.

- as cited in Regions: Regional Planning and Development, Concepts, Principles, and Strategies

Oshean Lee C. Garonita, EnP., PIEP

Urban and Regional Planning

URP is the unified development of urban communities and their environs and of states, regions and the nation as a whole, as expressed through determination of the comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land occupancy and their regulation

Spatial planning was defined as ‘the methods used largely by the public sector to influence the future distribution of activities in space’ (CEC 1997b p. 24). This definition, from the EU compendium of spatial planning systems and policies, is developed further: spatial planning embraces measures to coordinate the spatial impacts of other sectoral policies, to achieve a more even distribution of economic development between regions than would otherwise be created by market forces, and to regulate the conversion of land and property uses.

- American Institute of Certified Planners

URP refers to the scientific, orderly and aesthetic disposition of land, buildings, resources, facilities and communication routes, in use and in development, with a view to obviating congestion and securing the maximum practicable degree of economy, efficiency, convenience, sound environment.

- Canadian Institute of Planners

Encyclopedia of Urban Studies

1. American – urban & regional planning

2. British – town & country planning

3. French – “ amanagement du territoire” or environmental planning

4. United Nations – human settlements planning

Importance of Regional Planning

The importance of regional development policy for national development cannot be overemphasized. On one hand, it is especially important in countries where regional disparities are fairly marked that these imbalances cannot just be overlooked both from the point of view of attaining equity as well as maintaining social cohesion. On the other, the development of regions considering their growth potentials would help promote sustainable growth of the national economy through a more rational population distribution, increased employment opportunities and enhanced productivity.

- httpdirp3.pids.gov.phrisdpspidsdps0203.pdf

Focus of Regional Planning

1. Decentralization policies

2. Distribution of population

3. Reduction of economic disparities among regions – versus economic polarization

4. Inter-regional allocation or redistribution of resources (regional convergence)

5. Institutional capacitation (e.g. reorganization of local governments

6. Regional planning as networking

The new paradigm of Regional Planning since the 1990s:

1. The real assets of a region are the actors within the region, their resources and the specific regional culture of cooperation, communication and competition.

2. The core of spatial planning is no longer the elaboration of plans and programs. Regional development must promote the realization of planning goals by supporting the cooperation between different stakeholders, both frompublic administration and the private sector.

3. Planning and acting in networks is especially important at the regional level.

4. the role of space becomes different and planners need special knowledge (ex. international marketing)

Aspects of Regional Planning

Physical

Economic

Social

Cultural

Environmental

The Purposes of Regional Planning

The primary purpose is deciding on the general distribution of new activities and developments. This is necessarily indicated on some map base, but the scale of regional planning and other considerations will dictate the level of detail given in showing, for example, new settlements, areas of commercial and economic development, placing of linear or other major infrastructure.

REGIONAL PLANNING THEORIES

Agricultural Location Theory

The von Thunen model of agricultural land use was developed in the pre-Industrialization era, and was a representation of the most efficient and economical use of land surrounding a metropolitan center, designed to maximize industry profit.

The model is based on many limiting assumptions – that the soil composition surrounding a city 360-degrees is uniform, that there are no geological anomalies such as mountains or rivers to disrupt the structure, that the city is indeed centrally, compactly located…there are many obvious shortcomings. And in our post-industrial society the shortcoming are even more manifold, due to the redistribution of jobs away from the agricultural sector and the emergence of the “suburb,” among other obvious differences. It is easy to imagine that von Thunen’s model would be obsolete in this day and age.

The von Thunen model is most relevant today in less developed countries. There, the development of transportation and food preservation is much less than in rich countries and von Thunen's model still applies to a greater degree. In the rich world, the model is also applicable in that it emphasizes that land near to cities is more expensive and therefore cannot really be used for uses that do not bring in a great deal of money per unit of land area.

Weakness

The von Thunen model has weaknesses because it does not allow for things like roads or railroads that make it easier to transport goods over long distances. He also does not anticipate things like refrigerated transport that would allow even perishable things to be transported over long distances.

https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-von-thunen-model-still-relevant-today-despite-312945

AGROPOLITAN MODEL

Agropolitan approach of Friedmann and Douglass (1975, 1978) posited that rural development could be best pursued by linking it to urban development at the local level. The rural town was seen as the principal site for non-agricultural and political-administrative functions rather than as a growth pole; local knowledge should be incorporated into planning processes at the local level, and the district scale was seen as the appropriate unit for development. Thus, decentralisation, democratization and participation were key factors (Douglass, 1998a).

• Starting such processes of development required at least three factors;

• access to agricultural land and water;

• the devolution of the political authority to the local level (decentralisation);

• a shift in national development policies in favour of a diversified agricultural production

(Douglass, 1998 a)

GROWTH POLE (Francois Perroux)

• “Growth does not appear everywhere and all at once; it manifests itself in points or ‘poles’ of growth, with variable intensities; it spreads by different channels with variable terminal effects for the economy as a whole.”

Growth Pole - A spatial agglomeration of related industries which contains a growing number of propulsive firms, which, through their expansion, induce growth in the surrounding hinterland.

Propulsive firm/industry - dominant economic unit which when it grows or innovates, induces growth in the other economic units. It may be a firm, a cluster of firms within the same sector (i.e., an industry), or a collection of firms which have shared agreement (industrial estate).

The growth pole theory is based on the belief that governments of developing countries can induce economic growth and welfare by investing heavily in capital-intensive industries in large

urban centres or regional capitals. This growth is supposed to spread to the rural areas in a process of regional development (Rondinelli, 1985; Unwin, 1989).

Attractive as a policy tool for the following reasons:

- owing to the various agglomeration economies it tends to be a very efficient way of generating development;

- the concentration of investment in specific growth points costs less in terms of public expenditure than whole sale grants to large areas;

- the spread effects out of the growth point will help to solve the problems of depressed regions.

Weaknesses

But experiences from Latin America and Africa have proved difficult to achieve success, specially because of the failure of the expected “trickle down effects”. These have been replaced instead by adverse “backwash effects” that have maintained or even increased inequality between urban and rural areas (Unwin, 1989)4. Lipton’s basic argument of “urban bias” is that the urban dwellers, having far more power than the rural ones, are able to divert a disproportionate share of resources towards their own interests and against the rural sector. In this process, the more efficient and labor-intensive small and poor farmers are forced either to sell their produce to the bigger farmers in disadvantageous conditions, to turn out to subsistence production or to finish joining the ranges of rural-urban migrants.

GROWTH CENTER THEORY (Jacques R. Boudeville)

• “Transformed ‘Growth Pole’ into a specific place within a region that is heterogeneous, continuous, and not specialized.”

Growth Center (geographic space) - is a propulsive urban center of a region possessing a complex of expanding industries where the agglomeration of activities induces growth in its surrounding hinterland. The growth center has growth rate of population or employment that is greater than that of total region.

“Regional growth center” refers to “a set of expanding industries located in an urban area and inducing further development of economic activity throughout its zone of influence” with complex activities around a propulsive center.

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY

u Location of Industry

The location of the unit of production, the firm, is determined in relation to the source of the inputs and the market for the output.

The primary determinants of location:

- Factors of production: land, labor, capital and enterprise

- Market factor

Three approaches:

o Least cost approach – attempts to explain location in terms of the minimization of factor costs (Alfred Weber);

o Market area analysis – emphasizes the demand, or market factors (Losch);

o Profit maximization approach – is the logical outcome of the other two. Industrialists seek locations that will bring maximum profits, considering both markets and costs.

Spatial Linkages

1. Forward Linkage - outputs or sales from one intermediate firm/industry is maximally utilize by another firm/industry

2. Backward Linkage - factors of production or intermediary inputs from one firm/industry is maximally utilized by another firm/industry.

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